In each of those cases, the Internet ad buyers can turn to advertising networks using thousands or even tens of thousands of so-called affiliates. The networks take a percentage of the spending and give another cut to the affiliates, which range from one-person Web retailers to major companies that distribute free, ad-supported software.
The problem is that the networks and the affiliates — and the countless "sub-affiliates" working for the affiliates — have an incentive to generate the most viewers, clicks and buyers they can. That leads some of them to trick people into installing spyware that produces a never-ending stream of come-ons.
If an affiliate slips a deceptive piece of software into someone's personal computer and persuades the owner to buy something, the transaction could be passed through three or four businesses — each taking a cut — before the affiliate network hands off the customer to the merchant.
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